基于價值-信念-規范理論的牧民草原生態價值認知與行為響應研究——以青藏高原牧區為例

摘要：草地生態系統是我國陸地面積最大的生態系統類型之一。有“世界第三極”之稱的青藏高原既是世界上最為獨特的生態地域單元，又是我國重要牧區，更是典型生態脆弱區。近年來，在人類活動脅迫下，自然生態系統碎片化趨勢明顯，水源涵養功能下降、生物多樣性減少等生態服務功能下降，已影響全國乃至整個亞洲地區的生態安全。

牧民是草原資源的最直接利用者和草原生態環境保護的行動者。源自于牧民個體草原環境認知的自我管理機制基礎上的主動參與和有力監督是草原生態保護的根本和基礎。本文基于價值-信念-規范理論（VBN）構建牧民、草原生態價值認知與行為響應分析框架和研究假設，以甘南州黃河水源補給區和祁連山國家自然保護核心區肅南縣牧區的281個牧民的入戶調查數據為基礎，利用結構方程模型對牧民、草原生態價值認知與行為響應進行了實證研究，結果表明：（1）青藏高原牧區牧民對于草原生態環境價值的認知與行為符合價值-信念-規范行為范式。同時，牧民、的利生物圈價值觀、生態世界觀、道德規范、責任歸因和環境責任行為之間存在逐級以及跨級影響的關系，形成了一條復雜的等級影響鏈，且各級影響的強度及效果有所差異。牧民的利生物圈價值觀正向影響其生態世界觀（親環境觀念），影響路徑系數為0.601；生態世界觀正向影響道德規范（影響路徑系數為0.179），進而正向作用于牧民、的責任歸因，增強個體行為的社會責任感（路徑系數為0.272）。牧民、的責任歸因有利于促進個體親環境行為，其影響路徑系數為0.158。（2）牧民對草原生態系統服務多功能價值的認知和草原生態環境保護意愿普遍較高。但由于草原生態的公共資源特征，易誘發牧民、對當地政府草原生態治理的強依賴，產生“搭便車”行為。牧民將強保護意愿轉化為實際行為的動力不足，草原生態環境價值的牧民認知與其行為不協調。（3）牧民生計能力及其擁有的社會網絡、社會信任和社會規范等社會資本是影響牧民草原生態環境保護意識與行為的重要因素。在當前牧民生計由資源依賴型模式向非資源依賴型模式轉變過程中，信仰、宗教、文化等非正式制度安排對牧民親環境價值觀塑造具有重要的作用。

The value recognition and behavior response of herdsman to rangeland ecology based on VBN theory – a case study in the stock-raising district of Qinghai-Tibet

Abstract: Grassland is one of the largest ecosystems in China. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, called “world’s third pole” is not only the most unique ecological regional unit in the world, but also important pastoral area and typical ecologically fragile area. Recent years, under the stress of human activities, the natural ecosystem in Qinghai-Tibet showed obvious fragment trend and decreasing ecosystem service functions including the declining function of water conservation and biodiversity reduction, which had influenced the ecological security in China and even the whole Asian.

 Herdsmen were the most direct users of rangeland resources and practitioners of rangeland ecological environment protection. Initiative participation and strong supervision based on the self-management mechanism coming from the herdsmen’s individual cognition of rangeland environment was the fundament of rangeland ecological protection. In this paper, the structural equation model in conjunct with survey dataset of 281 coming from herdsman in the water supply areas of Yellow River, Gannan autonomous prefecture and stock-raising district of National Nature Reserve core area in Qilian Mountains, Sunan County were used into case study of herdsman’s behavior response and value recognition for rangeland ecology under the analytical framework and study hypothesis of herdsmen’s value cognition and behavior response to rangeland ecology based on Value-Belief-Norm theory. The results showed that: (1) the recognition and action on value of rangeland ecology and environment from herdsman in the stock-raising district of Qinghai-Tibet were responding to rules of VBN. Meanwhile, there were step-by-step and cross-step impacting relationships between values of biosphere, world view of ecology, norm of morality, attribution of responsibility and behavior of environmental responsibility, which composed a complicated grading chain, and the impacting intensity and effect for each degree were slightly different. The values of biosphere of herdsman positively impacted on their world view of ecology with 0.601 of impacting path coefficient. Simultaneously, world view of ecology positively impacted on norm of morality (0.179 of impacting path coefficient), which further positively impacted on their attribution of responsibility and reinforced the social responsibility of individual behavior (0.272 of impacting path coefficient). The attribution of responsibility was benefit to promoting their individually friendly behavior for environment with 0.158 of impacting path coefficient. There were higher aspiration and recognition for protecting of rangeland ecology and environment and multi-function values of rangeland ecosystem services. But, due to the public characteristic of rangeland ecology, which easily triggered strong dependence for herdsman on rangeland ecological governance guided by local government and caused the action of hitchhiking. The aspiration of translation from intensive protecting willing to practical behavior for herdsman was weaker, and it was not consistent between the recognition and behavior for herdsman on values of rangeland ecology and environment. (3) The social resources such as life capability for herdsman and their owning social relationship network, social confidence and social norm were the critical factor influencing the realization and behavior for herdsman on protecting of rangeland ecology and environment. During the translating processing from resource-dependence pattern to resource-independence pattern of life-capability for herdsman in present-day, the informal rule arrangements e.g. faith, religion and culture were importantly impacted on construction of their values about friendly treating to environment.